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Higher History

Concord #31: Augsburg Confession (The Mass Pt. 2)

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Article 24: The Mass, Part 2

Abuses

There were a number of abuses of the Mass, that is, abuses of the Sacrament. In the service itself, there were prayers and ceremonies that presented the Sacrament of the Altar as a sacrifice that the priest made to God on behalf of the people. The canon (order) of the Mass turned the gift of God into the work of men. And the words of life, the words with which Christ instituted the Sacrament, were lost in a jumble of works-righteousness. These errors were corrected in Martin Luther’s revision of the Mass, first in 1523 with a revision in Latin, then again in 1526 in the German language. These revised orders of service preserved what was good and eliminated anything that suggested God’s gift was a sacrifice we offered. Above all, the words of Christ were highlighted as the proclamation of the Gospel, which is received in eating and drinking the Sacrament.

One widespread abuse of the Mass was the practice of private Masses. In a private mass, a priest would conduct an entire communion service by himself in a private chapel. No one would be present to eat or to drink except the priest. These were thought to merit God’s favor on behalf of people simply by the execution of the ceremonies. They didn’t even have to be there. People could even have a priest say a Mass on behalf of someone else (either living or dead!) for a fee. Not only was God’s gift turned into a work of man, but they had put a price on what God gives freely.

 

Lutheran Changes

The practical changes that the Lutheran reformers made to the Mass were grounded in theological convictions. They didn’t change worship on a whim, or because it had become stale and outdated. Their revisions of worship were for the sake of the clear proclamation of the Gospel.

But Christ commands us, Luke 22:19: This do in remembrance of Me; therefore the Mass was instituted that the faith of those who use the Sacrament should remember what benefits it receives through Christ, and cheer and comfort the anxious conscience. For to remember Christ is to remember His benefits, and to realize that they are truly offered unto us. Nor is it enough only to remember the history; for this also the Jews and the ungodly can remember. Wherefore the Mass is to be used to this end, that there the Sacrament [Communion] may be administered to them that have need of consolation; as Ambrose says: Because I always sin, I am always bound to take the medicine. [Therefore this Sacrament requires faith, and is used in vain without faith.] (Augsburg Confession XXIV.30-33)

The Mass, or the Sacrament of the Altar, was instituted for faith, and so it requires faith to be used properly. The worship of faith isn’t that we offer works to God, but rather that we receive gifts from God. The Sacrament is a gift that bestows the benefits of Christ’s death—forgiveness of sins—which cheer and comfort anxious consciences.

You can read the Book of Concord at http://www.bookofconcord.org

 

“Concord” is a weekly study of the Lutheran Confessions, where we will take up a topic from the Book of Concord and reflect on what we believe, teach, and confess in the Lutheran Church. The purpose of this series is to deepen readers’ knowledge and appreciation for the confessions of the Lutheran Church, and to unite them “with one heart” to confess the teachings of Holy Scripture.

Rev. Jacob Ehrhard is pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church in New Haven, MO.

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Higher History

Concord #30: Augsburg Confession (The Mass, pt. 1)

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Article 24: The Mass, Part 1

What is The Mass?

The article on the Mass is an article on worship. Before getting to the teaching on the Mass, it’s necessary to define our terms. The Lutheran Confessions use the term “Mass” in two different ways. The first way is simply to refer to the distribution of the body and blood of Jesus. “…The Mass is such a giving of the Sacrament…” (Augsburg Confession XXIV.34). In other words, “the Mass” is simply the worship service of Holy Communion. The second way in which the word is used refers to the abuses of the medieval Church. Whenever the word is used in this way, it’s usually modified by another phrase, such as “the canon of the mass,” or, “the sacrifice of the mass.”

With the simple understanding of the Mass as a distribution of the body and blood of Christ, the confession begins:

Falsely are our churches accused of abolishing the Mass; for the Mass is retained among us, and celebrated with the highest reverence. Nearly all the usual ceremonies are also preserved, save that the parts sung in Latin are interspersed here and there with German hymns, which have been added to teach the people. For ceremonies are needed to this end alone that the unlearned be taught [what they need to know of Christ]. And not only has Paul commanded to use in the church a language understood by the people 1 Cor. 14:2-9, but it has also been so ordained by man’s law. The people are accustomed to partake of the Sacrament together, if any be fit for it, and this also increases the reverence and devotion of public worship. For none are admitted except they be first examined. The people are also advised concerning the dignity and use of the Sacrament, how great consolation it brings anxious consciences, that they may learn to believe God, and to expect and ask of Him all that is good. [In this connection they are also instructed regarding other and false teachings on the Sacrament.] This worship pleases God; such use of the Sacrament nourishes true devotion toward God. It does not, therefore, appear that the Mass is more devoutly celebrated among our adversaries than among us. (Augsburg Confession XXIV.1-9)

 

Worship Traditions

Churches that confess the Augsburg Confession confess that the service of the Sacrament holds a central place in worship. Traditional ceremonies from the Mass are kept where they do not conflict with the Gospel. Ceremonies are necessary for teaching. Those who come to the Sacrament are not admitted until they have been examined and absolved. These practices are not only for reverence, but so that consciences that are weighed down with sin would be consoled by the Gospel of forgiveness. This is the point of worship and the Sacrament, not to glorify our works, but to glorify God and the work He has done and continues to do in the Sacrament of the Altar.

You can read the Book of Concord at http://www.bookofconcord.org

 

“Concord” is a weekly study of the Lutheran Confessions, where we will take up a topic from the Book of Concord and reflect on what we believe, teach, and confess in the Lutheran Church. The purpose of this series is to deepen readers’ knowledge and appreciation for the confessions of the Lutheran Church, and to unite them “with one heart” to confess the teachings of Holy Scripture.

Rev. Jacob Ehrhard is pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church in New Haven, MO.

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Higher History

Concord #26: Augsburg Confession (Prescriptive/Descriptive)

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Prescriptive/Descriptive

We have reached a point of division in our review of the Augsburg Confession. The first 21 articles or topics have been about doctrine—articles of faith. What follows are several abuses that have been corrected—matters that were either eliminated or reformed. The Augsburg Confession itself makes this distinction. Immediately following the Worship of the Saints, the confession states:

This is about the Sum of our Doctrine, in which, as can be seen, there is nothing that varies from the Scriptures, or from the Church Catholic, or from the Church of Rome as known from its writers. This being the case, they judge harshly who insist that our teachers be regarded as heretics. There is, however, disagreement on certain abuses, which have crept into the Church without rightful authority. And even in these, if there were some difference, there should be proper lenity [kindness] on the part of bishops to bear with us by reason of the Confession which we have now reviewed; because even the Canons are not so severe as to demand the same rites everywhere, neither, at any time, have the rites of all churches been the same; although, among us, in large part, the ancient rites are diligently observed. For it is a false and malicious charge that all the ceremonies, all the things instituted of old, are abolished in our churches. But it has been a common complaint that some abuses were connected with the ordinary rites. These, inasmuch as they could not be approved with a good conscience, have been to some extent corrected. (Augsburg Confession XXI.5-9)

Without going into an extensive study of the practices of the medieval Roman Church, it’s hard to make much sense of this little paragraph. The big takeaway is that, just as the doctrine of this confession does not differ from that of the ancient Church, likewise the Lutheran reformers did not get rid of the practices of the ancient Church. Although, it should be noted that practices never have been the same everywhere at all times. However, good practices always conform to right doctrine. Both doctrine and practice are intimately related.

Because the first 21 articles deal with doctrine and the last 7 deal with abuses of practice, some people have also made a distinction between prescriptive and descriptive articles of the Augsburg Confession. Since the first 21 articles deal with matters of doctrine, they are prescriptive—they lay down a rule of faith that must be followed. On the other hand, the last 7 they consider to be descriptive—practical matters that are solved practically, but are not binding on today’s Church. But this is an unnatural division that the Augsburg Confession does not make.

Rather, we should see the entire Augsburg Confession as descriptive. The Lutheran Confessions are not canon law, or rules that must be followed. They are confessions of faith—simply restating what Scripture and the ancient creeds have first said. It describes the faith of the evangelical Lutheran Church. First, the various articles of faith are laid out. Then that faith is put into practice.

In fact, some of the best theology is found in the practical section of the Augsburg Confession. Because theology underlies every practice addressed and every abuse corrected. Next week we will turn to these abuses and see how the theology and faith of the Church of the Augsburg Confession is put into practice.

You can read the Book of Concord at http://www.bookofconcord.org

 

“Concord” is a weekly study of the Lutheran Confessions, where we will take up a topic from the Book of Concord and reflect on what we believe, teach, and confess in the Lutheran Church. The purpose of this series is to deepen readers’ knowledge and appreciation for the confessions of the Lutheran Church, and to unite them “with one heart” to confess the teachings of Holy Scripture.

Rev. Jacob Ehrhard is pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church in New Haven, MO.

Categories
Higher History

Concord #15: Augsburg Confession (Church Practices)

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Church Practices

You worship what you believe—this is the main point of religion. But it also works the other way around. You believe what you worship. False beliefs rarely (if ever) begin as a rejection of religious doctrine as an idea, but as corruption of worship and practice. False teaching becomes the justification for false practice.

In the Reformation, it was a dispute over practice—in particular the sale of indulgences—that led Luther to examine doctrine and rediscover the Gospel. Soon, the reformers had identified a number of corrupt practices that were symptomatic of the false teaching that underlied them. Since doctrine and practice are so wound up with each other, the question is: what practices should we keep, if any? Perhaps we need to toss everything and start fresh.

To this question, the Augsburg Confession answers for the Lutheran Churches: “Of Usages in the Church they teach that those ought to be observed which may be observed without sin, and which are profitable unto tranquility and good order in the Church, as particular holy days, festivals, and the like,” (Augsburg Confession XV.1). The Lutheran Reformation was a conservative Reformation in the sense that it sought to eliminate the error, but also to conserve what was good, right, and salutary.

But an important caveat is added. “Nevertheless, concerning such things men are admonished that consciences are not to be burdened, as though such observance was necessary to salvation,” (Augsburg Confession XV.2). Even good, right, and salutary practices that teach the Gospel, can be a cause of damnation if they are turned into requirements for salvation. This is how the good practices of the Church became corrupted in the first place. And it’s important that we Lutherans always remain vigilant that we never let our practices point us away from the Gospel to our own practicing.

Very simply put, “[Our churches] are admonished also that human traditions instituted to propitiate God, to merit grace, and to make satisfaction for sins, are opposed to the Gospel and the doctrine of faith,” (Augsburg Confession XV.3). Monastic vows, dietary restrictions, and compulsory worship, which the Roman Church promised would forgive sins, are contrary to the forgiveness won by Christ. His forgiveness is a gift freely given, without condition. And so the practices of the Church likewise ought to be free, and point to the salvation that is received only by faith in Christ.

You can read the Book of Concord at http://www.bookofconcord.org

 

“Concord” is a weekly study of the Lutheran Confessions, where we will take up a topic from the Book of Concord and reflect on what we believe, teach, and confess in the Lutheran Church. The purpose of this series is to deepen readers’ knowledge and appreciation for the confessions of the Lutheran Church, and to unite them “with one heart” to confess the teachings of Holy Scripture.

Rev. Jacob Ehrhard serves as pastor of Trinity Lutheran Church in New Haven, MO.